Hnc Poverty Essay - 1080 Words

|In this report you will read about poverty and what is meant by poverty. Included will be an exploration of the differences between | |absolute and relative poverty. You will also read about the relationship between poverty and inequality, covering the types of | |inequality between gender and class and also, the extent of poverty in the current British context. I will also cover causes of | |poverty and inequality using sociological theories. Ending this report you will read into the effects of poverty and inequality in | |relation to behaviour, experiences and life chances on young people. | |†¦show more content†¦There are four classes in society; these are the underclass, the working class, the middle | |class and the upper class. The inequality of class causes poverty as individuals are limited to wealth, resources and opportunities | |within society. A case of inequality that relates to poverty is gender. This is when men and women are treated differently from each| |other regarding their roles and position within society. It is fair to say that women have been treated as less than equals and have| |had lesser opportunities within employment and chances | | | |Within Scotland, there were 980,000 people living in relative poverty and 620,000 across Britain working but living in relative | |poverty in 2007. (www.bbc.com). There were also 250,000 children living in relative poverty, and 150,000 children living in absolute| |poverty within Scotland in the same year. (Save the Children in Scotland). | | | |A feminist perspective is the sociology theory you could useShow MoreRelatedHnc Social Care Essay4439 Words   |  18 PagesHNC Social Care Booklet of Assessments This document contains all the assessment information you will need for the HNC Social Care. They are collated in chronological order with the lecturer responsible (where this is known) identified on the assessment. It is up to the learner to ensure that the assessment is handed in by the deadline. The assessment schedule will be posted on the moodle site. All work should be word processed and include appropriate references both in main

Example Essay for Primary Research Free Essays

OUTLINE I. Introduction * Definition of young adults: Take responsibilities for their own action (Newman, B. M Newman, P. We will write a custom essay sample on Example Essay for Primary Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now R, 1983) * Young adults should live with their parents. II. Body 1. Save money * Affected by economic crises: Number of youth unemployment (Barnes, 2012) * Save the daily expenses ( Vander Zanden, 1997) 2. Close relationship among family members * Parents: + Support emotion (Philip, 1998) + Take care of each other (Logan Spitze, 1996) * Siblings: + Share every day routines (Newman, B. M Newman, P. R, 1983) + Confide each other (Newman, B. M Newman, P. R, 1983) . Reduce bad effects for personal development * Evidences: + Unexpected pregnancy (Philip, 1998) + Less successful marriages and work lives (Berk, 1998) + Increased depression (Rosenfeld, 2010) * Role of family: Safety net (Berk, 1998). 4. Counterargument and refutation: * Counterargument: Young adults will gain experience when they leave home * Refutation: + Parent’s opinions are better than peer’s opinion (Newman, B. M Newman, P. R, 1983) + Important role of social support from parents (Philip, 1998) + Free to go out to get experience because of democracy parents (Turner Helms, 1989) III. Conclusion Young adults should remain to co-reside with their parents because of the lack of advices, financial and emotional support from their family (Berk, 1998). Young generations play an importance role for the future generation in their country. The government always gives priority to these generations including children, adolescents, and young adults. However, young adults acknowledged to have rights to take responsibilities for their own action (Newman, B. M Newman, P. R, 1983) possess the best for developing the country. Whether early adults should live at home with their parents or leave their parental home is still controversial. In our opinion, early adults should co-reside with their parents for several reasons. The first reason why early adults should live with their family is that they have an opportunity to save money. Economic circumstances present many challenges for young adults because most usually graduate from high school, they find a place in college and start a job (Crandell, T. L, Crandell, C. H Vander Zanden, 2009). Besides, economic crises have led unemployment for â€Å"75 million† young people between the ages of 15 to 24 years old (Barnes, 2012). Due to the low starting salaries, many young adults struggle to pay their daily expenses (Vander Zanden, 1997). Furthermore, according to Hartley (1993), in Australia, 45% of surveyed people said the main reason for returning home in the first time is financial problems. Secondly, early adults who do not make a residential transition have a closer relationship with family members than those leaving home do. Beside financial support, children will receive love and moral support from their parents (Philip, 1998). Parents, moreover, are willing to provide guidance for their children that help them make better choices and decisions. As a result, the relationship between parents and children is more valuable than young adults and peers (Logan Spitze, 1996). In addition, the siblings are typically the first peer group in both childhood and adulthood. Young adults living at home benefit from sharing every day routines ith their siblings like joining he meal, splitting dress or taking care of one another, especially, when they are ill (Newman, B. M Newman, P. R, 1983, p. 231). Furthermore, when young adults cope with problems to express themselves with their parents, teachers and social peers, the siblings are likely to be appropriated people to confide (Newman, B. M Newman, P. R, 1983). Thirdly, early adults living at home will reduce bad effects on personal development. Young people are li kely to become self-indulgent including the temptation of drugs and alcohol when there is no parental supervision. According to Philip (1998), negative economic and social effects leading to a great number of dangers as â€Å"teen-aged motherhood† are the results of leaving home at very early young age (p. 557). In addition, detaching themselves from their net at young age make early adults hard to succeed in marriage and work (White as cited in Berk, 1998). Nevertheless, young adults presume that the goal of leaving home is to have an independent life, which makes them easily anxious and depressed (Olds Schwartz as cited in Rosenfeld, 2010). Bruch et al. Cheek Busch (as cited in Berk, 1998) said that â€Å"socially anxious people report more loneliness† (p. 461). Therefore, the family is the best address to release stress and decrease social dangers for early adults because â€Å"the parental home serves as a safety net and base of operation for launching adult life† (Berk, 1998, p. 463). The opponents of co-residence with parents say that young adults will get experience when leaving home. However, gaining experience does not depend on who they live with and young adults can get valuable experiences while living with their parents. In fact, peer’s advices are not always as reliable and effective as parents’ in some cases (Newman, B. M Newman, P. R, 1983). Moreover, the necessity of social support from their parents for the maturity of young adults was the conclusion of a study of 175 18 and 19-year-old college students (Philip, 1998). According to Turner and Helms (1989), 83% of the adolescents have â€Å"democratic parents† (p. 288) because they still have the freedom to participate in social activities and do part-time jobs to broaden knowledge when living at home. Additionally, they also can help their parents with household chores, which narrows the generation gap and helps them learn essential skills for an independent life later. In conclusion, due to the current economic crises and dramatic changes in society, especially the increase of social dangers, young adults should live in their parental home to avoid harmful influences on themselves and their family as well. By contrast, young adults who decide to leave home at an early age may face difficulties for a long time because of the lack of advices, financial and emotional support from their parents (Berk, 1998). Words: 769 REFERENCES Barnes, H. (2012). Global Youth unemployment: Making sense of the numbers. BBC News. Retrieved from http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-19745115. Berk, L. E. (1998). Development through the lifespan. The USA: A Viacom Company. Crandell, T. L. , Crandell, C. H. , Vander Zanden, J. W. (2009). Human Development. (9th ed. ). New York: The McGraw-Hill Company. F. Philip Rice. (1998). Human Development. (3rd ed. ). The USA: A Viacom company. Hartley, R. (1993). Young Adults living at home. Australian Institute of Family Studies. Reproduced from FAMILY MATTERS no. 36 December 1993, pp. 35-37. Retrieved from http://www. ifs. gov. au/institute/pubs/fm1/fm36rh1. html. Logan, J. R. , Spitze, G. D. (1996). Family Ties: Enduring Relations between Parents and Their Grown Children. The USA: Temple University. Newman, B. M. , Newman, P. R. (1983). Understanding Adulthood. The USA: CBS College Publishing. Rosenfeld, M. J. (2010). The Independence of Young Adults, in Historical Perspectiv e. Journal of Family Therapy Magazine, 9 (3), 17-19. Turner, J. F. , Helms, D. B. (1989). Contemporary Adulthood. (4th, ed. )The USA: Saunders College Publishing Vander Zanden, J. W. (1997). Human Development. (6th ed. ). The USA: The McGraw-Hill Company. . How to cite Example Essay for Primary Research, Essays

Exchange Rates Australian Dollar

Questions: 1. Briefly summarise the main issues discussed in this article?2.Using Demand and Supply model of exchange rate determination briefly explain how AUD is determined in the forex market, and what factors influence its fluctuations.3.Using exchange rate data from Reserve Bank of Australia and graphs (monthly data of last three years) analyse the movement of AUD relative to that of the US dollar? Is it in line with the world commodity price movement during this period? Are there any other factors contributing to this behaviour of the Australian dollar?4.Do you think that the AUD will fall as low as US 65C by the end of 2016? Justify your answer. What advantages do you think Australia will have in such a scenario? 5. If the market rate is US 65C then what action could the Reserve Bank of Australia take in order to maintain the exchange rate at US 70C, and what side effects might this action have on the Australian economy? Do you think that such actions would be effective? Answers: 1. The article is about the falling exchange rate of the Australian dollar. The author of the article, Mulligan (2016) began by noting that the silence of Glenn Stevens, the Reserve Bank of Australia governor, could tell that he was happy with the manner in which the Australian dollar fell in the year 2015. Further, the governor, in a statement of his monthly board meeting, replaced the observation that further depreciation in the value of the Australian dollar was both necessary and likely with the statement that the Australian dollar was adjusting to the momentous decline in the prices of the key commodities. The argument advanced by the RBA governor in support of the falling value of the Australian dollar is that it enhances the competitiveness of the country when it comes to exports. This is because it makes the export of the country to be desirable to its trading partners. Lastly, it has been posited in the article that there is an expectation that the value of the Australian do llar will decline further. One of the factors that have been suggested to be the cause of this is the decline in the terms of trade of Australia. 2. According to Adrian, Etula, and Shin (2015), Australian dollar is not an exception since the selling and buying of currencies take place in the markets known as foreign exchange markets just like any other commodity market. The determination of the Australian dollars exchange rate can be done by looking at its demand and supply in the foreign exchange market. The demand for Australian dollar in the foreign exchange market market arise from the demand for the exports of Australian goods, and from the speculators that are looking to make profit in the changes in the value of the Australian dollar (Bacchetta Van Wincoop, 2013). The demand for imports from abroad in the Australian domestic market determines the supply of the Australian currency in the forex market. When Australia imports motor vehicles from Japan, it has to pay in Japanese yen ((), and for it to buy Japanese yen, it has to sell Australian dollar. This implies that it will be supplying the Australian dollar in the for ex market. Given the demand of the goods produced by Australia and the supply of the Australian dollar in the forex market, market fixes its exchange rate against another currency at a point where its demand equates its supply as shown in the figure. The figure above shows the Australian dollars (AUD) exchange rate vis-a-vis the U.S. dollar (USD). S is the supply curve of the Australian dollar while D is its demand curve. The point of intersection of the two curves is where the forex market fixes the Australian dollars (AUD) exchange rate vis-a-vis the U.S. dollar (USD). The fluctuations of the exchange rate of the Australian dollar may result from the changes in its demand and supply (Bown Crowley, 2013). For instance, if there is an increase in the exports of the Australian products, there will be an increment in the Australian dollars demand and this will shift the demand curve to the right. This eventually raises the Australian dollars exchange rate. Interest rate is another factor that can lead to fluctuations or changes in the Australian dollars exchange rate. When there is an increase in the interest rates in Australia as compared to other countries, investors will demand more of Australian dollar and this raises its exchange rate. On the other hand, if there is a decrease in interest rates in Australia, more will be invested in Australia and this will lead to a decrease in the Australian dollars demand and hence a decrease in its exchange rate. 3. The figure below shows the movement of the Australian dollars exchange rate vis a - vis the U.S. dollar. The data used in coming up with the figure was drawn from the database of the Reserve Bank of Australia, and it shows data monthly data of last three years (from 2013 to 2015). From the figure, it can be noted that there was a general decrease in the Australian dollars exchange rate vis a vis the U.S. dollar for the period between January 2013 and December 2015. This clearly indicates that the value of the U.S. dollar was strengthening agaisnt the Australian dollar. This trend is in congruent with the movement of the commodity price in the world during this period. This is because the U.S. government bonds or the U.S. currency proved to be popular ports in storm during this period. This is implies that there was an increment in demand for the U.S. government bonds because the U.S. dollar became stronger as compared to most currencies in the world. As such, there was an increase in demand for the U.S. dollar and this weakened a number of currencies, which saw them experience a decline in exchange rate within this period. The main reason behind this is that most commodities are priced in U.S. dollars. Another factor that might have led to the trend in the e xchange rate of the Australian dollar that has been shown in the figure above is the decrease in demand for the Australian Iron ore. 4. I believe that the Australian dollars value will decline as low as U.S. 65C by the end of 2016. One of the justifications for this is that the prices of the commodities produced by Australia like Iron ore will fall and this implies that they will cost less in the international markets. A fall in the prices of the Australian Iron ore implies that there will be a decrement in the value of the Australian exports. A decrease in the value of the Australian exports implies that there will be less demand of the Australian dollar and this means that its exchange rate will decrease (Cenedese, Payne, Sarno, Valente, 2016). Another factor that points to a further decline in the exchange rate of the Australian dollar is the most recent monetary policy in the United States, which has created an expectation that there will be an increase in the U.S interest rates. This indicates that most investors will prefer investing in the United States and this will eventually lead to an increase in the v alue of the U.S. dollar (Burstein Gopinath, 2013). A decline the Australian dollars value will be advantageous to Australia in the sense that it will lead to job creation and as such lowering the unemployment rate. When the exchange rate of the Australian dollar goes down, it implies that imports will be more expensive while Australian exports will become cheaper (Bergsten Halm, 2015). This will lead to a decrement in imports and an increment in exports. When there is an increase exports, it implies that the domestic firms will benefit from an increase in sales volume. As such, they will hire more workers to help in the production process to allow them meet the increased demand for their products. Hiring more workers implies the domestic firms have created jobs and this implies there will be a decrease in the unemployment rate. 5. In case the rates prevailing in the market is U.S 65C then the action that the action that could be taken by the Reserve Bank of Australia for the purposes of maintaining the exchange rate at a level of US 70C is to increase its interest rates. This is because high interest rates will attract foreign investors into the Australian economy. This will increase the Australian dollars demand in the international market. When the demand for the Australian dollar increases in the forex market, it implies that its exchange rate will increase and as such, the Reserve Bank of Australia will be able to maintain the exchange rate at US 70C. The effect that this action will have on the economy of Australia is that it will lead to a decrease in the supply of money in the economy. This is because an increase in interest rates will discourage borrowers and the private citizens from borrowing money from the banks. This implies less money supply in the Australian economy. High interest rates may discourage domestic firms that depend on the loans offered by the banks, as their source of capital for operating their business activities (Basher, Haug, Sadorsky, 2012). This indicates that there will be a decrease in the production in the economy and it may eventually results into a decrease in economic growth. A decrease in production level and economic growth may results into an increase in the unemployment rate in the economy. As such, this action would not be effective. However, it will only be effective in a situation where there is high level of inflation in the economy. Nevertheless, in the long - run, the action is not viable. References Adrian, T., Etula, E., Shin, H. S. (2015). Risk appetite and exchange rates. Bacchetta, P., Van Wincoop, E. (2013). On the unstable relationship between exchange rates and macroeconomic fundamentals. Journal of International Economics, 91(1), 18-26. Basher, S. A., Haug, A. A., Sadorsky, P. (2012). Oil prices, exchange rates and emerging stock markets. Energy Economics, 34(1), 227-240. Bergsten, C. F., Halm, G. N. (2015). Approaches to Greater Flexibility of Exchange Rates: The Burgenstock Papers. Princeton University Press. Bown, C. P., Crowley, M. A. (2013). Import protection, business cycles, and exchange rates: evidence from the Great Recession. Journal of International Economics, 90(1), 50-64. Burstein, A., Gopinath, G. (2013). International prices and exchange rates (No. w18829). National Bureau of Economic Research. Cenedese, G., Payne, R., Sarno, L., Valente, G. (2016). What do stock markets tell us about exchange rates?. Review of Finance, 20(3), 1045-1080. Cheung, Y. W., Erlandsson, U. G. (2012). Exchange rates and Markov switching dynamics. Journal of Business Economic Statistics. Darvas, Z. (2012). Real effective exchange rates for 178 countries: a new database. Frenkel, J. A., Johnson, H. G. (2013). The Economics of Exchange Rates (Collected Works of Harry Johnson): Selected Studies (Vol. 8). Routledge. Grammatikos, T., Vermeulen, R. (2012). Transmission of the financial and sovereign debt crises to the EMU: Stock prices, CDS spreads and exchange rates. Journal of International Money and Finance, 31(3), 517-533. Hameed, A., Rose, A. K. (2016). Exchange Rate Behavior with Negative Interest Rates: Some Early Negative Observations. Heyerdahl-Larsen, C. (2014). Asset prices and real exchange rates with deep habits. Review of Financial Studies, 27(11), 3280-3317. MacDonald, R., Stein, J. L. (Eds.). (2012). Equilibrium exchange rates (Vol. 69). Springer Science Business Media. Rossi, B. (2013). " Are exchange rates predictable?. Voeux. Retrieved from https://www. voxeu. org/article/are-exchange-rates-predictable.